エンタルピーとエントロピー：使えるエネルギーと使えないエネルギーを理解する

From Enthalpy to Entropy: Understanding Usable and Unusable Energy

Abstract: Thermodynamics distinguishes between a system’s energy and the fraction available for work. Enthalpy is extractable heat content, whereas entropy quantifies the dispersion of energy among microstates and the unusable part. Connecting these ideas via free energy and exergy shows how disorder fundamentally limits efficiency, performance, and pot…